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Dietary Reference Intakes (dri)
Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 1320 Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 1322 Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Total Water and Macronutrients 1324 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges 1325 Additional Macronutrient Recommendations 1325 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Vitamins 1326 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Elements 1328 Estimated Average Requirements for Groups 1330 1319
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Thiamin (µg/d)a (µg/d)b, c (mg/d)d Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) Infants 0–6 mo 400* 40* 5* 4* 2.0* 0.2* 7–12 mo 500* 50* 5* 5* 2.5* 0.3* Children 1–3 y 5* 30* 300 15 6 0.5 4–8 y 5* 55* 400 25 7 0.6 Males 9–13 y 5* 60* 600 45 11 0.9 14–18 y 5* 75* 900 75 15 1.2 19–30 y 5* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 31–50 y 5* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 51–70 y 10* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 > 70 y 15* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 Females 9–13 y 5* 60* 600 45 11 0.9 14–18 y 5* 75* 700 65 15 1.0 19–30 y 5* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 31–50 y 5* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 51–70 y 10* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 > 70 y 15* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 Pregnancy 14–18 y 5* 75* 750 80 15 1.4 19–30 y 5* 90* 770 85 15 1.4 31–50 y 5* 90* 770 85 15 1.4 Lactation 14–18 y 5* 75* 1, 200 115 19 1.4 19–30 y 5* 90* 1, 300 120 19 1.4 31–50 y 5* 90* 1, 300 120 19 1.4 NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see ) presents Recom- mended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordi- nary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE. b As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D. c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight. d As α -tocopherol. α -Tocopherol includes R RR - α -tocopherol, the only form of α -tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2 R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements. e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE). f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid 1320
Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Biotin Choline (mg/d)e (mg/d) (µg/d)f (µg/d) Acid (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)g (mg/d) 0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125* 0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150* 2* 8* 200* 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 3* 12* 250* 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 4* 20* 375* 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 5* 25* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 2.4h 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.7 400 4* 20* 375* 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 400i 5* 25* 400* 1.0 14 1.2 2.4 400i 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.3 2.4 400i 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.3 2.4 2.4h 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.5 400 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages. h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12. i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://. 1321
Recommended Dietary Reference Intakes, Nutritional Goals And Dietary Guidelines For Fat And Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Calcium Chromium Copper Fluoride Iodine Iron Magnesium Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) Infants 0–6 mo 210* 0.2* 200* 0.01* 110* 0.27* 30* 7–12 mo 270* 5.5* 220* 0.5* 130* 75* 11 Children 1–3 y 500* 11* 0.7* 340 90 7 80 4–8 y 800* 15* 1* 440 90 10 130 Males 9–13 y 1, 300* 25* 2* 700 120 8 240 14–18 y 1, 300* 35* 3* 890 150 11 410 19–30 y 1, 000* 35* 4* 900 150 8 400 31–50 y 1, 000* 35* 4* 900 150 8 420 51–70 y 1, 200* 30* 4* 900 150 8 420 > 70 y 1, 200* 30* 4* 900 150 8 420 Females 9–13 y 1, 300* 21* 2* 700 120 8 240 14–18 y 1, 300* 24* 3* 890 150 15 360 19–30 y 1, 000* 25* 3* 900 150 18 310 31–50 y 1, 000* 25* 3* 900 150 18 320 51–70 y 1, 200* 20* 3* 900 150 8 320 > 70 y 1, 200* 20* 3* 900 150 8 320 Pregnancy 14–18 y 1, 300* 29* 3* 1, 000 220 27 400 19–30 y 1, 000* 30* 3* 1, 000 220 27 350 31–50 y 1, 000* 30* 3* 1, 000 220 27 360 Lactation 14–18 y 1, 300* 44* 3* 1, 300 290 10 360 19–30 y 1, 000* 45* 3* 1, 300 290 9 310 31–50 y 1, 000* 45* 3* 1, 300 290 9 320 NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage
Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 1320 Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 1322 Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Total Water and Macronutrients 1324 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges 1325 Additional Macronutrient Recommendations 1325 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Vitamins 1326 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Elements 1328 Estimated Average Requirements for Groups 1330 1319
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Thiamin (µg/d)a (µg/d)b, c (mg/d)d Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) Infants 0–6 mo 400* 40* 5* 4* 2.0* 0.2* 7–12 mo 500* 50* 5* 5* 2.5* 0.3* Children 1–3 y 5* 30* 300 15 6 0.5 4–8 y 5* 55* 400 25 7 0.6 Males 9–13 y 5* 60* 600 45 11 0.9 14–18 y 5* 75* 900 75 15 1.2 19–30 y 5* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 31–50 y 5* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 51–70 y 10* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 > 70 y 15* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 Females 9–13 y 5* 60* 600 45 11 0.9 14–18 y 5* 75* 700 65 15 1.0 19–30 y 5* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 31–50 y 5* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 51–70 y 10* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 > 70 y 15* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 Pregnancy 14–18 y 5* 75* 750 80 15 1.4 19–30 y 5* 90* 770 85 15 1.4 31–50 y 5* 90* 770 85 15 1.4 Lactation 14–18 y 5* 75* 1, 200 115 19 1.4 19–30 y 5* 90* 1, 300 120 19 1.4 31–50 y 5* 90* 1, 300 120 19 1.4 NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see ) presents Recom- mended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordi- nary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE. b As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D. c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight. d As α -tocopherol. α -Tocopherol includes R RR - α -tocopherol, the only form of α -tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2 R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements. e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE). f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid 1320
Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Biotin Choline (mg/d)e (mg/d) (µg/d)f (µg/d) Acid (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)g (mg/d) 0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125* 0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150* 2* 8* 200* 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 3* 12* 250* 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 4* 20* 375* 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 5* 25* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 2.4h 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.7 400 4* 20* 375* 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 400i 5* 25* 400* 1.0 14 1.2 2.4 400i 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.3 2.4 400i 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.3 2.4 2.4h 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.5 400 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages. h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12. i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://. 1321
Recommended Dietary Reference Intakes, Nutritional Goals And Dietary Guidelines For Fat And Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Calcium Chromium Copper Fluoride Iodine Iron Magnesium Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) Infants 0–6 mo 210* 0.2* 200* 0.01* 110* 0.27* 30* 7–12 mo 270* 5.5* 220* 0.5* 130* 75* 11 Children 1–3 y 500* 11* 0.7* 340 90 7 80 4–8 y 800* 15* 1* 440 90 10 130 Males 9–13 y 1, 300* 25* 2* 700 120 8 240 14–18 y 1, 300* 35* 3* 890 150 11 410 19–30 y 1, 000* 35* 4* 900 150 8 400 31–50 y 1, 000* 35* 4* 900 150 8 420 51–70 y 1, 200* 30* 4* 900 150 8 420 > 70 y 1, 200* 30* 4* 900 150 8 420 Females 9–13 y 1, 300* 21* 2* 700 120 8 240 14–18 y 1, 300* 24* 3* 890 150 15 360 19–30 y 1, 000* 25* 3* 900 150 18 310 31–50 y 1, 000* 25* 3* 900 150 18 320 51–70 y 1, 200* 20* 3* 900 150 8 320 > 70 y 1, 200* 20* 3* 900 150 8 320 Pregnancy 14–18 y 1, 300* 29* 3* 1, 000 220 27 400 19–30 y 1, 000* 30* 3* 1, 000 220 27 350 31–50 y 1, 000* 30* 3* 1, 000 220 27 360 Lactation 14–18 y 1, 300* 44* 3* 1, 300 290 10 360 19–30 y 1, 000* 45* 3* 1, 300 290 9 310 31–50 y 1, 000* 45* 3* 1, 300 290 9 320 NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage
Summary Tables, Dietary Reference Intakes Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins 1320 Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements 1322 Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Total Water and Macronutrients 1324 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges 1325 Additional Macronutrient Recommendations 1325 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Vitamins 1326 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), Elements 1328 Estimated Average Requirements for Groups 1330 1319
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Thiamin (µg/d)a (µg/d)b, c (mg/d)d Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) Infants 0–6 mo 400* 40* 5* 4* 2.0* 0.2* 7–12 mo 500* 50* 5* 5* 2.5* 0.3* Children 1–3 y 5* 30* 300 15 6 0.5 4–8 y 5* 55* 400 25 7 0.6 Males 9–13 y 5* 60* 600 45 11 0.9 14–18 y 5* 75* 900 75 15 1.2 19–30 y 5* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 31–50 y 5* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 51–70 y 10* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 > 70 y 15* 120* 900 90 15 1.2 Females 9–13 y 5* 60* 600 45 11 0.9 14–18 y 5* 75* 700 65 15 1.0 19–30 y 5* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 31–50 y 5* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 51–70 y 10* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 > 70 y 15* 90* 700 75 15 1.1 Pregnancy 14–18 y 5* 75* 750 80 15 1.4 19–30 y 5* 90* 770 85 15 1.4 31–50 y 5* 90* 770 85 15 1.4 Lactation 14–18 y 5* 75* 1, 200 115 19 1.4 19–30 y 5* 90* 1, 300 120 19 1.4 31–50 y 5* 90* 1, 300 120 19 1.4 NOTE: This table (taken from the DRI reports, see ) presents Recom- mended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordi- nary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake. a As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1 µg retinol, 12 µg β-carotene, 24 µg α-carotene, or 24 µg β-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is twofold greater than retinol equivalents (RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE. b As cholecalciferol. 1 µg cholecalciferol = 40 IU vitamin D. c In the absence of adequate exposure to sunlight. d As α -tocopherol. α -Tocopherol includes R RR - α -tocopherol, the only form of α -tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2 R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (SRR-, SSR-, SRS-, and SSS-α-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements. e As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan; 0–6 months = preformed niacin (not NE). f As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid 1320
Riboflavin Niacin Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Biotin Choline (mg/d)e (mg/d) (µg/d)f (µg/d) Acid (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d)g (mg/d) 0.3* 2* 0.1* 65* 0.4* 1.7* 5* 125* 0.4* 4* 0.3* 80* 0.5* 1.8* 6* 150* 2* 8* 200* 0.5 6 0.5 150 0.9 3* 12* 250* 0.6 8 0.6 200 1.2 4* 20* 375* 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 5* 25* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.3 400 2.4 2.4h 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.7 400 2.4h 5* 30* 550* 1.3 16 1.7 400 4* 20* 375* 0.9 12 1.0 300 1.8 400i 5* 25* 400* 1.0 14 1.2 2.4 400i 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.3 2.4 400i 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.3 2.4 2.4h 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.5 400 2.4h 5* 30* 425* 1.1 14 1.5 400 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 600j 6* 30* 450* 1.4 18 1.9 2.6 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 7* 35* 550* 1.6 17 2.0 500 2.8 from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach. g Although AIs have been set for choline, there are few data to assess whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endogenous synthesis at some of these stages. h Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12, it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by consuming foods fortified with B12 or a supplement containing B12. i In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 µg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake of food folate from a varied diet. j It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 µg from supplements or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter prenatal care, which ordinarily occurs after the end of the periconceptional period—the critical time for formation of the neural tube. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005). These reports may be accessed via http://. 1321
Recommended Dietary Reference Intakes, Nutritional Goals And Dietary Guidelines For Fat And Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Elements Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Calcium Chromium Copper Fluoride Iodine Iron Magnesium Group (mg/d) (µg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (µg/d) (mg/d) (mg/d) Infants 0–6 mo 210* 0.2* 200* 0.01* 110* 0.27* 30* 7–12 mo 270* 5.5* 220* 0.5* 130* 75* 11 Children 1–3 y 500* 11* 0.7* 340 90 7 80 4–8 y 800* 15* 1* 440 90 10 130 Males 9–13 y 1, 300* 25* 2* 700 120 8 240 14–18 y 1, 300* 35* 3* 890 150 11 410 19–30 y 1, 000* 35* 4* 900 150 8 400 31–50 y 1, 000* 35* 4* 900 150 8 420 51–70 y 1, 200* 30* 4* 900 150 8 420 > 70 y 1, 200* 30* 4* 900 150 8 420 Females 9–13 y 1, 300* 21* 2* 700 120 8 240 14–18 y 1, 300* 24* 3* 890 150 15 360 19–30 y 1, 000* 25* 3* 900 150 18 310 31–50 y 1, 000* 25* 3* 900 150 18 320 51–70 y 1, 200* 20* 3* 900 150 8 320 > 70 y 1, 200* 20* 3* 900 150 8 320 Pregnancy 14–18 y 1, 300* 29* 3* 1, 000 220 27 400 19–30 y 1, 000* 30* 3* 1, 000 220 27 350 31–50 y 1, 000* 30* 3* 1, 000 220 27 360 Lactation 14–18 y 1, 300* 44* 3* 1, 300 290 10 360 19–30 y 1, 000* 45* 3* 1, 300 290 9 310 31–50 y 1, 000* 45* 3* 1, 300 290 9 320 NOTE: This table presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate Intakes (AIs) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (*). RDAs and AIs may both be used as goals for individual intake. RDAs are set to meet the needs of almost all (97 to 98 percent) individuals in a group. For healthy breastfed infants, the AI is the mean intake. The AI for other life stage and gender groups is believed to cover needs of all individuals in the group, but lack of data or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage
